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One of the oldest ex-slaves encountered in Missouri is "Aunt" Hannah Allen of Fredericktown, who claims she is 107 years old. According to Madison County records, Aunt Hannah gave her age as 82 when she made application for a marriage license in Fredericktown in 1912.
In spite of her extreme age, Aunt Hannah is able to do all of the work around her house and she frequently walks up town and back, a distance of several blocks. Her eyesight is very good and even at her advanced age she does not have to wear glasses. She claims her grandfather was a white man and she attributes her unusual health to several causes. She was well trested as a slave during her younger years when she was under the ownership of a family named Bollinger. She is childless and has been content to live on the same spot during the last 71 years. Being a Negro, she naturally does not take life seriously but as she expresses it "jes' lives it like it comes".
In reviewing the incidents which she was able to recall on the occasion of the writer's recent visit to her home, she outlined her story as follows:
"Down in Pocahontas, Arkansas, a man had 400 slaves and de boss would allow an old colored man to have meetins every Saturday night and of a Friday night dey would have a class meeting. Several of dem got religion right out in de field and would kneel down in de cornfield. De boss went home and told his wife he thought de slaves was losin' their minds 'cause day was all kneeling down in de field. De boss' daughter also got religion and went down to de mourners' bench. De colored church finally made de boss and his whole family get religion. De old white mistress would sing and pray while she washed dishes, milked de cows, and made biscuits. So dey called de doctor and he come and said dat God had got a hold on her.
"One of de darkies had a baby out in de field about eleven o'clock one morning. De doctor come out there to her. She was sick a long time 'cause she got too hot before de chile was born. After dis happened de boss got to be a better man. Dis old boss at first would not let the darkies have any church meetins.
"On Sunday dere at home de colored folks could get all de water dat ran from de maple trees. De slaves would get through their work for de boss and den dere would sometimes be three days when dey could work for themselves. Den dey would get paid for working for others and den buy clothes. Dey had de finest boots.
"Dey did not want de mistress to tell me when we was free 'cause dere was only two of us slaves left there. De other slaves already done run off. I did not want to leave. When I was a slave I learned to do a job right or do it over. I learned to sew, cook, and spin. We set by de fireside and picked a shoe full of cotton and den we could go to bed. But you did a lot before you got dat shoe full of cotton when it was prassed down. Dis was almost enough to pad a quilt with. De white children would be getting their lessons den and dey used a pine torch for a light to see by.
"I was paid nothin' after slavery but just stayed with de boss and dey gave me things like a calf, clothes, and I got to go to church with dem and to camp meetings and picnies. Dey would have big basket meetings with pies, hogs, sheep and de like. Dey did not allow me to go with other colored girls if dey had no character. We all set down and ate at de same table with de white folks and tended de sick together. Today if de parents would make their children do like dey did in slavery, den we would have a better race. I was better off dan de free people. I think dat slavery taught me a lot.
"In Fredericktown I worked for my mistress' sister and made $10 a month. My father told me to always keep myself clean and nice and to comb my hair. When I lived in Fredericktown de people I worked for always tried to keep me fron going out with de low class. After I washed de supper dishes, I would have to go upstairs and cut out quilts and I did not like it but it was good for me.
"My first husband gave $50 for dis lot I am living on. Dat was just at de end of de war. He hauled de logs and chiaked and whitewashed dem and we had two rooms and a hall. It was a good, nice, warm house. He was a carpenter. About twenty-five years later my husband built him a frame house here and dug him a well. He had 4 dozen chickens, 15 head of hogs, 2 horses, 2 wagons, and a buggy to go back and forth to de church at Libertyville, New Tennessee, or Pilot Knob. We lived together fifty years before he died. He left me dis home, three horses, 3 milk cows and three hogs.
"We had no children but 'dopted a little boy. He was my husband's sister's child. De boy's mother took a notion that she wanted to werk out and she was just a young girl so we took de boy at about de age of three and he was with us about six years. He went to a colored school den but a white teacher taught him. We adopted a girl too from Marquand. De girl's father was a colored man and de mother was a white woman. De woman den married a white man in Marquand and her husband did not want de child so we took her at about three years old. We did not have her no time 'til she died. We have helped to raise about a dozen children. But I have quit doing dat now. I now has my second husband; he always liked to have children around but we ain't had none of our own.
"When my first husband died he did not owe fifteen cents. He just would not go in debt to nobody. He attended de Masonic lodge. After he died I went to work. I bought wood, washed, ironed, and cooked. I have made as high as $15 a week and keep. I took care of a man's children after him and his wife separated. We have had two houses burn down right here. One of our houses was a little too close to Saline Creek and it was condemned and we tore it down and built de one we have now, thirteen years ago. Harry Newberry has a mill and he give us de lumber to build dis house.
"We have a lot in de colored graveyard. I have no insurance but Mr. Allen has some kind of insurance, so if he gets hurt traveling he will get something. We is getting, together, $25 in pensions a month and we is living pretty well right now. Some months we spend from seven to eight dollars on food. Almost everything is cash for us. I been going barefoot about ten years. I come mighty near going barefoot in de winter time. We been getting a pension about two years and we was on relief for two or three years before dat. Our biggest debt is a doctor bill of about $60.
"Some of de colored folks is better off now and some is worser. De young race says we who was slaves is ten times worse off den dey 'cause we had bosses and couldn't read or write. But I say de young race is got all dis to go by and dey ought to be much better off dan dey is. We is better off in one sense dan de young race 'cause about half of dem don't know how to raise their children and dey don't know how to do nothing. I think our folks has just as good a chance now as de white folks but dey don't get cultivated. Dey say today dat I don't know nothing 'cause I was a slave and all I learned was what de master learnt me. But I know enough to keep out of devilment. I think all dis speed shows dat people ain't got no sense atall.
Allen, Hannah -- Additional Interview
Note. Aunt Hannah, to date, is by far the oldest ex-slave that this writer has interviewed. She claims to be 107 years old, having been born on December 24th, 1830. When she made application for a marriage license in Fredericktown in 1912, she gave her age then as 82, according to the Madison County Recorder of Deeds. Since she receives an Old Age Pension further proof is being made to verify her age through the Old Age Assistance Office in Fredericktown.
From talking to some of the better informed persons in Fredericktown, the idea is confirmed; they are agreed the "Aunt" Hannah is probably 107 years old. She is still able to do the work around her house and, at times, walks up town. She can see very well without glasses and is not apparently feeble except for the fact that her feet bother her at times.
In a former report sent in it was stated that "Aunt" Hannah is not all negro. Her grandfather was a white man and she is far from a black person. Her face is comparatively free of wrinkles. Her bearing is splendid and her mind active. Possibly health can be attributed to several causes. She was treated well when young and a slave under the ownership of the Bollingers. Being childless, she has never had to experience the tortures of childbirth. She has been content to live on the same spot for the last 71 years. And being a negro, she naturally does not take life too seriously but lives it as it comes.
Re-Interview
Down in Pocahontas, Arkansas, a man had 400 slaves and the boss would allow an old colored man to have meetings every Saturday night and on Friday night they would have a class meeting. Several of them got religion right out in the field and would kneel down in the cornfield. The boss went home and told his wife he thought the slaves were losin' their minds cause they was all kneeling down in the field. The boss' daughter also got religion and went down to the mourners bench. The colored church finally made the boss and his whole family get religion. The ole white mistress would sing and pray while she washed dishes, milked the cows and made biscuits. So they called the doctor and the doctor come and said that God had got hold of her.
One of the darkies had a baby out in the field about eleven o'clock one morning. The doctor came out there to her. She was sick a long time cause she got too hot before the child was born. After this happened the boss got to be a better man. This ole boss at first would not let the darkies have any church meetings.
On Sunday there at home the colored folks could get all the water that ran from the maple trees. The slaves would get through their work for the boss and then there would sometimes be three days when they could work for themselves. Then they would get paid for working for others and then buy clothes. They had the finest boots.
They did not want the mistress to tell me when we were free cause there was only two of us slaves left there. The other slaves had already run off. I did not want to leave. When I was a slave I learned to do a task right or do it over. I learned to sew, cook and spin. We set by the fireside and picked a shoe full of cotton and then we could go to bed. But you did a lot before you got that shoe full of cotton when it was pressed down. This was almost enough to pad a quilt with. The white children would be getting their lessons then and they used a pine torch for a light to see by.
I was paid nothin' after slavery but just stayed with the boss and they gave me things like a calf, clothes, and I got to go to church with them and to camp meetings and picnics. They would have big basket meetings with pies, hogs, sheep etc. They did not allow me to go with other colored girls if they had no character. We all set down and ate at the same table with the white folks and tended the sick together. Today if the parents would make their children do like they did in slavery, then we would have a better race. I was better off than the free people. I think that slavery taught me a lot.
In Fredericktown I worked for my mistresses sister and made $10.00 a month. My father told me to always keep myself clean and nice and to comb my hair. When I lived in Fredericktown the people I worked for always tried to keep me from going out with the low class. After I washed the supper dishes, I would have to go upstairs and cut out quilts and I did not like it but it was good for me.
My first husband gave $50.00 for this lot I am living on. This was just at the end of the war. He hauled the logs and chinked and whitewashed them and we had two rooms and a hall. It was a good, nice, warm house. He was a carpenter. About twenty-five years later my husband built him a frame house here and dug him a well. He had 4 dozen chickens, 15 head of hogs, 2 horses, 2 wagons, and a buggy to go back and forth to church at Libertyville, New Tennessee, or Pilot Knob. We lived together about fifty years before he died. He left me this home, three horses, three milk cows, three hogs.
We had no children but adopted a little boy. He was my husband's sister's child. The boy's mother took a notion that she wanted to work out and she was just a young girl so we took the boy at about the age of three and he was with us for about six years. He went to a colored school then but a white teacher taught him. We adopted a girl too from Marquand. The girl's father was a colored man but the mother was a white woman. The woman then married a white man in Marquand and her husband did not want the child so we took her at about three years old. We did not have her no time 'til she died. We have helped to raise about a dozen children. But I have quit doing that now. Mr. Allen is my second husband; he always liked to have children around but we had none of our own.
When my first husband died he did not owe fifteen cents. He just would not go in debt to nobody. He attended the Masonic lodge. After died I then went to work. I bought wood, washed, ironed and cooked. I have made as high as $15.00 a week and board. I took care of a man's children after he and his wife separated. We have had two houses burn down right here. One of our houses was a little too close to Saline Creek and it was condemned and we tore it down and built the one we hav now thirteen years ago. Harry Newberry has a mill and gave us the land to build this house.
We have a lot in the colored graveyard. I have no insurance but Mr. Allen had some kind of insurance, so if he gets hurt travelling he will get something. We are getting together $25.00 in pensions a month. We are living pretty well now. Some months we spend from seven to eight dollars a month on food. Almost everything is cash for us. I've been going barefoot for about ten years. I come very near going barefooted in the winter time. We have been getting a pension for about two years and were on relief for two or three years before that. Every two weeks we would then get five or six dollars worth of food. Our biggest debt is a doctor bill of about $60.00.
Some of the colored folks are better off today and some are worse. The young race says we who was slaves are ten times worse off than they cause we had bosses and couldn't read or write. But I say the young race has got all this to go by and they ought to be much better off than they are. We are better off in one sense than the young race cause about half of them don't know how to raise their children and they don't know how to do nothing. I think our folks have just as good a chance now as the white folks but they don't get cultivated. They say today that I don't know nothing cause I was a slave and all I learned was what the marster told me. But I know enough to keep out of devilment. I think all this speed shows that people ain't got no sense.
Allen, Hannah -- Additional Interview
"I's born in 1830 on Castor River 'bout fourteen miles east of Fredericktown, Mo. My birthday is December 24. Yes, sir, I is 107 years old dey say and dey not de records up there in de court house to rove it. De first time I married Adam Wringer in 1866 and was married by Squire Addison in Fredericktown. In 1912 on August 11 me and de parson was married in de Methodist church here and dis was de largest one in Fredaricktown. Bout six or seven hundred come for de celebration. I guess I is 'bout de oldest person in Madison County.
"My father come from Perry County. He was named Abernathy. My father's father was a white man. My white people come from Caster and dey owned my mother and I was two years old when my mother was sold. De white people kept two of us and sold mother and three children in New Crleans. He and my brother George was kept by de Bollingers. This was in 1832. De white people kept us in de house and I took care of de babies most of de time but worked in de field a little bit. Dey had six boys.
"Our house joined on to de house of de white folks. Many times I slept on de floor in front of de fireplace near de mistress. Dey got hold of a big buffalo rug and I would sleep on it. De Bollinger boy, Billy Bollinger, would go to de cabin and sleep with George, my brother.
Dey thought nothing of it. Old man Bollinger sent some colored folks up to his farm in Sabula and Billy cried to go long with dem. He let Billy go. I stayed with old Aunt Betsy on Caster River.
"Before de Civil War broke out we were at Sabula and Mr. Schafer and Mr. Bollinger started to take de slaves to Texas. Dey got as far as Rockport, near Not Springs. A man by de name of John Higdon from Colorado married Clive Bollinger and he was injured in de arm in de Battle of Fredericktown. Den John Higdon went to Rockport after he was shot and had taken de oath of allogiance. Higdon's wife died in Rockport and she had a child two years old. I took de baby to care for. De wife was to be buried back home so day took de body in a wagon with just a sheet over it towards Little Rock. I was sitting in de wagon holding de two-year old baby. On de way 'bout ten miles out we were captured by Federal soldiers and took back to Rockport. De body was put in a room for two weeks and den placed in a vault above de ground and stayed dar for bout eight years before Mr. Higdon took it back home to bury.
"Higdon took me and his child to 'bout eight miles from Hot Springs to a hotel he had bought. Once he come up to de hotel with two government horses and put me and de child on a horse and we were on de way to Little Rock. We rode dat way for 'bout two weeks and was captured again near Benton. Higdon had on a Union cape. De soldiers asked us all 'bout de horses, guns, child, etc. De soldiers let him keep his gun 'cause dey said it wouldn't kill a flea. But dey cut de buttons off de coat, and took de spurs off of his heels and said he could not go any further. Dey took me and de baby and made us sit on de ground. De soldiers took Higdon to de river. It was late in de day. Dey said dey was going to transfer him back to Missouri and sell de horses. Higdon had papers from Col. Lowe and Chamhers. De soldiers were masons and after a while dey all come back just a laurhing and shaking hands.
"We were put on-a bout at Little Rock going toward St. Louis. De child took de small pox from a lady on de boat. When we got on de boat dey were firing at the wheels of de boat from across de river. I was feeding de baby and de chamber-maid come out and said, 'I would drown him'. I said, 'If you do dat you will have to drown me too'. Dey had Higdon locked up on de boat and he did not get to see de baby for two weeks when we got to St. Louis. Just as we got to St. Louis, two white ladies saw de baby who was so sick and dey went out and got some clothes for it. De doctor come on de boat and vaccinated me. De sores on the baby were as big as half dollars.
"Den after we got to St. Louis we went to Whitworth's in Ironton, Missouri. Higdon was on de back porch and a soldier shot at him and took him to headquarters dat night. Whitworth had some soldiers take us to Sabula, twenty-five miles away. De soldiers den took Higdon back to Ironton until de war was over. Higdon married three times.
"John, the baby, was raised by his grandmother and step-mother in St. Louis. John married the daughter of a county clerk in Luxenburg, Missouri. and he became county clerk for thirty years in dis county. John died 'bout two years ago this July.
"I 'member Now dey would treat one slave. De master took two boards and tied one to de feet and another to de hands and tied her back with ropes and whipped her with a cat-a-nine tails till she bled and den took salt and pepper and put in de gashes. I can 'member when I was in Iron County de soldiers stole de boss' horse and de boss had to go to latten to git it. Once de soldiers made me get up in de smoke house and throw down some ham. De authorities 'gaged de soldiers for stealing from de people. I had to carry some stuff out for Sam Mildebrand to eat.
"I've been living here since de Civil War. Dis is de third house that I built on dis spot. What I think 'bout slavery? Well we is gettin long purty well now and I believe its best to not agitate."
Interview with Aunt Hannah Allen,
Ex-Slave, Aged 107, Fredericktown, Mo.
Interviewed by J. Tom Miles.
Allen, Parson -- Additional Interview
"I's born in Farrison County, in 1859 and was raised in Ceorgetown, Scott County. Yes, I was born a slave. My boss was John McWiggin, a Scotch-Irishman, who raised hogs, sheep, hemp, and darkies. He had 'bout 830 darkies on de place. We lived in log cabins. Dey had slip doors for de windows. Man, what you talkin' bout? We never saw a window glass. had 'bout fourteen cabins and dey was placed so dat de old master could sit on his porch and see every one of den. My mistross was Alice McWiggin.
"I was kep' busy shooin' flies off de table with a pea-fowl brash, watching de chickens, and gettin' de maple sugar from de root of de trees. We made a pocket at de base of de tree and dipped out de sugar water with a bucket. Had 'bout 40 or 50 trees along de road. Mad all kinds of berries. We never got no whippin', only a little boxin'. In church we sat on one side and de whites on de other. De white preacher always read a special text to de darkies, and it was this, 'Servants, obey your master.'
"John McWiggin was a son of a Federal. His brother, Keenie, was a Confederate. When de Confederate army come Keenie took de silver goblets down to de creek and gave de soldiers water to drink. Den when de other soldiers come Johnie would help his crowd. De soldiers took Kac's irongrey saddle hosses to Lexington, and de boss had to pay $500' to get de hosses back. He got some of his mules back. De bushwackers and nightriders were here. But de boss got 'round it this way. He had de slaves dig trenches 'cross de road and tie grape vines over it. Den have de darkies go up on de hill and sing corn songs. Den de nightriders come a-rushing and sometimes dey would get four or five whites in these raids. It would kill de men and horses too, when dey fell into de trench. On Saturday night we had a shindig. We would eat chicken and pound cake and of course whiskey made in Kentucky. De jail was called de watch-house.
"After de war de government instituted religious trainin' 'mong de colored people and gave dem white teachers. I was in Lexington, Ky., when I learned my letters. Just how dese latter-day children Learn to read without de letters is a mystery to me.
"I's one of de preachers of de church here and am a deacon, too. I studied at de University of Louisville, where I was a theological student, and was one of de main orators in de school.
"I've married a lot of 'em, in Foplar Bluff. Kennett, Farmington, and Fredericktown, and have preached quite a few funerals. Have preached some brush arbor sermons and stood under a arbor when we was married. I baptized 42 in Pennsylvania.
"I ain't eligible enough to express 'bout slavery. I ain't sayin' nothing."
Interview with W.C. Parson Allen,
ex-slave, aged 78, Fredericktown, Mo.
Interviewed by J. Tom Miles.
